1 10 88 Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 1: Water Obstacles Description An account of the resource The dominant features, and therefore first layer of this map are the various water obstacles. The water obstacles are denoted in dark blue and frame the map on the north, west, and east sides. The water must be the first layer, as the rest of the layers deal with either circumventing or otherwise neutralizing the effects of the water on further military operations. Furthermore, the water and beach area represent the natural disorder associated with this type of terrain and the subsequent map layers show 533rd Engineer Beach and Shore Regiment’s attempt to organize and delineate this section of beach. The map is small in scale and affords the creator a great of amount of detail. Interestingly, he carefully depicted the current of the narrow rivers and individually drew trees and plant life in the marsh area. I interpret this to mean that he thought it necessary to convey to the map users the in-accessibility of the areas outside of the road network. Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 2: Roads Description An account of the resource The roads seem to be the logical next layer. They are likely the first effort made by the military unit to allow vehicular movement and more operations through the beach area. There are two types of roads depicted, improved and un-improved. The improved roads, drawn with solid lines bisect and dissect the beach area and the primary road leads south into the interior of the island. The six unimproved roads, depicted with dashed lines and arrayed essentially north to south, originate from the shore and lead to 533rd bivouac area or to one of three logistics resupply areas. The lines are all drawn with a straight edge, with the exception of the road leading into the bivouac area. Again, I think this shows the ruggedness of the terrain. Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 3: Shore Party 533rd graphics Description An account of the resource The third layer is for the “shore party”, in this case the 533rd Regiment. This layer consists of the multitude of military graphics for the use by this particular unit only. While the map was designed by the S-2 (Intelligence Officer) of the 533rd, I believe that some of the graphics, IE the bivouac areas and unit symbols, were only for the Soldiers of the 533rd and not necessary information for follow-on units. In other words, if I was a Soldier in F Company, 533rd, I would know, by looking at the map, that I could find food and a place to sleep in the northwest quadrant of 533rd’s territory. With typical military precision, the S-2 carefully drew each unit’s designator, along with numerical text next to each symbol. The associated circle surrounding each unit designates the amount of territory each unit can take for its company area. The Head Quarters of the 533rd is situated in the middle of the logistics operations, in an appropriate spot to control the operations. Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 4: Logistics operations Description An account of the resource I believe that this map’s purpose is to depict logistics operations, specifically unit resupply, as U.S. Army land forces came ashore on this Philippine island. As the units moved from the beach, they were directed into one of six un-improved roads, leading into three logistics areas. There, they were resupplied with ammunition, rations, and fuel. The carefully drawn arrows point the direction the units were to take, with the eventual movement into the interior. I have no idea if this was by design, but the map seems very ominous. The road south, into the island, is unfinished and the coloring of the map could be described as gloomy. Finally, the stark red line, with triangles and text reading “Beach Perimeter” denote a definite separation between logistics and the likely combat faced by the follow-on forces. Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 1: Organizational Lines Description An account of the resource The organization of my map, Sekai bankoku Nihon, depends on segmentation of a variety information. The segmentation is facilitated by black lines of various widths that form boxes and borders for text, drawn depictions of people from around the world, compasses and other forms of information. There is a curved oval line around the perimeter of the representation of the world and there are boxes overlayed on the map and jutting out from the edges. Interestingly, some of the Japanese text on the map is written right on the drawings of land masses or ocean but other chunks of text are bounded by boxes. This hints at a hierarchical ordering of text used on the map. Perhaps the text in boxes labels something at a larger scale, like a continent or broader region instead of a certain country to city. As someone who can not read Japanese, the segmentation of information in and out of boxes is crucial to me for identifying where the most important information (according to the map's designer) is written. The pictorial renderings of people from different regions are also contained in boxes, meaning the mapmaker wanted that information to be implicitly related to the map but not interfering with the depiction of physical territory. In summary, this level of organization of the map influences our perceptions about what the most important pieces of information are and how the text/art is related to the part of the map that depicts the physical world. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomas Spiers Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 2: Solid Color Subject The topic of the resource This layer contains the non-white solid colors on the map: blue, orange, yellow and black. I chose this as the second layer for two reasons. First, I thought isolating the color without any text or other map elements would help me be able to discern the rationale behind why colors are used where they are. On the map, land masses are always colored with the exception of Antarctica. The Americas, Africa, and parts of Asia are in blue, Europe and Japan are in yellow, and the rest of Asia and the middle East are in orange. Japan is also outlined in orange, while no other land masses have a different color outline (perhaps to signal that the map is from a Japan-centric point of view/make the country pop out in a way). My best hypothesis for the continental division of color is importance for Japanese politics or economics. Yellow (Europe and Japan) would be the most important, the orange (the greater Asia area) would be second, and Blue (Western Hemisphere and Africa) third and uncolored areas (Antarctica!) last. The only non-blue part of the Americas is an orange-colored river that is depicted as protruding into the West coast of North America. If my hypothesis is correct, then the river is the most important part of the continent to the Japanese (perhaps a potential area for exploration/shipping). The mountains of Asia are also in blue, maybe hinting at their relative economic unimportance? The far North Arctic area is in black, a clear isolated division from the rest of the world. Second, returning to my first layer (organizational boundaries), some of the text-filled boxes I isolated in my first layer are colored orange or yellow, while others are uncolored. This could also represent a hierarchy of importance or a division of topic. Just as the black lines do, the colors influence our perception of what the most important or crucial elements of the map are. Black boxes along the equator each contain one Japanese character, which could have locational (i.e. coordinates) importance. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomas Spiers Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 3: Mountains Subject The topic of the resource This layer shows all of the mountains depicted on the map. While the mountains depicted are surely not a comprehensive representation of all of the world's mountains, I found it interesting that they were the only natural landform on the map (besides a few large lakes). The mapmaker considered the presence of mountains important enough to include, perhaps as distinguishing features of different geographical areas or divisors between regions. The inclusion of mountains reveals the maps multi-faceted focus: on physical landforms as well as information about cultures presented by the drawings of people. This map layer is very interesting compared with the "solid colors" layer; the mountains in Asia are colored blue, distinguished from the surrounding orange color, while the mountains in the Americas are the same color (blue) as the surrounding land mass. This contributes to my hypothesis about the hierarchy of colors representing important areas in the increasing order: white, blue, orange, yellow. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomas Spiers Tracing Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 4: Black donut squares Subject The topic of the resource This layer depicts a symbol that is used frequently on the map. It is a small black square with a small hole in the middle, hence the name "Black donut squares." These squares occur only on land masses, pretty evenly spread around the world, and their inclusion means they are marking something important that exists in different areas of the world. The shape used hints that they are meant to narrow in on an exact location; the small hole in the middle directs the viewer's eyes to a specific point on the map. In many modern maps I am familiar with, symbols that are small and focused represent cities or settlements, which was my initial guess for what they mean on this map. On second look, I saw that there are many of them on the large Southern land mass (probably Antarctica), which definitely does not have several major cities. The symbols do not obviously look like any physical landscape feature either. These squares are the most puzzling element of the map to me and I wonder if being able to read Japanese would clarify their meaning, or if the lack of an obvious key or legend makes it difficult to interpret for even the Japanese-fluent viewer. Even though I have difficulty interpreting the symbols' meaning, I can tell they are important for the conveying information about the world and what it contains, so I decided to include it as one of my layers. Their isolation as a layer did not significantly help me in understanding their function. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tomas Spiers Tracing Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Map Layer Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Original Map: 440 x 320 mm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 1: Pink (Terra Australis) Subject The topic of the resource Sekai bankoku Nihon yori kaijō risu kokuin ōjō jinbutsuzu (世界萬國日本ヨリ海上里数国印王城人物図) Description An account of the resource What it is: The pink layer primarily captures the southern landmass that stretches horizontally across the bottom of the map. The map is outlined in a uniform solid black line and presumably traces the coastline/border of the southern landmass. It borders the “Southwest Sea,” Big South Sea” and “Southeast Sea.” It also has clusters of islands off its coast, one of which is labelled “White People Island.” The landmass is cut off on the bottom at a specific latitude, and the landmass is covered by various texts and pictorial depictions of foreigners. Also, the pink pigment is light, which allows various other colors to be stamped on top of it. For instance, there are six blue mountain ranges, labels/texts, and squares with a hollow center (presumably cities/settlements) that are located on top of the pink area. Why it is important: This is one of three modes of depicting Terra Australis (Akeroyd 2016: 257), which illustrates the partial permeability of Japan’s "sankoku" system through its trading post in Nagasaki (Bolitho 2005: 22). The map displays Japanese cognizance of foreign lands, primarily conveyed in European maps, which support the idea of an important trading post like Nagasaki allowing for the continuous flow of knowledge in and out of Japan. However, the idea of Terra Australis was largely outmoded by 1850. The Dutch began to explore Australia in 1606, from its foothold in the Spice Islands and had explored much of the Australian coastline within half a century. Considering this in tandem the map’s resemblance Matteo Ricci’s "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (坤輿萬國全圖)" published in 1602, there were cartographic advances that the 1850 map did not consider (Ricci 1602). It was more interested in portraying foreign and exotic elements like “White People Island” or the “Ghost countries” in the north. Hence, the 1850 map was probably reproduced without thorough considerations for cartographic veracity, supporting its function as similar to that of a Nagasaki-e postcard, extending ideas of foreign lands and exoticism. Citations: Akeroyd, Catherine. "Depicting 'Terra Australis': An Analysis of the Imagery on the Unknown Southern Continent on Renaissance World Maps, 1520s-1620s." Imago Mundi 68, no. 2, 257. 2016. Bolitho, Harold. “The Edo Period: 1603-1868.” In The Hotei Encyclopedia of Japanese Woodblock Prints, edited by Amy Reigle Newland and Julie Nelson Davis, 17-35. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2005. Ricci, Matteo. "Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (坤輿萬國全圖) ." Map. Beijing, China: Matteo Ricci, 1602. Accessed September 23, 2017. https://www.wdl.org/en/item/4136/#q=Ricci&qla=en. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Al Lim Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/012316889/catalog Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850? Language A language of the resource Japanese Tracing Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Map Layer Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Original Map: 440 x 320 mm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Layer 2: Yellow (Europe) Subject The topic of the resource Sekai bankoku Nihon yori kaijō risu kokuin ōjō jinbutsuzu (世界萬國日本ヨリ海上里数国印王城人物図) Description An account of the resource What it is: The yellow layer depicts the landmass of the European continent, as well as the base color for Japan, the compass in the middle, mountain ranges in Europe and South America, and various labels around the map. The yellow color also includes islands off the coast of Europe, presumably the UK and perhaps even Iceland/Greenland though they are not labelled. The European continent seems to include the Middle East as well, separated from the African continent by the “West Red Sea,” presumably the modern day “Red Sea.” Yellow is also the base color for the label Asia and the southern landmass (Terra Australis), whereas Europe’s and Africa’s labels are in red. The color is also used in part for the fictitious characters’ garbs. Why it is important: The color hierarchy for labelling seems to be a bit inconsistent. If red-labelled Japan should be the center of the map and most important, then red should be the most important base color for labelling. Further, North America, Europe and Libya (Africa) have also been labelled in red. The labels for Europe and Terra Australia are yellow and South America seems to be uncolored. Using this information to create a hierarchy based on color, Japan on par with North America, Europe and Libya/Africa. This category would also be more important than Europe, Terra Australis and South America. This hierarchy does not compute with Japan being most important, relative to the other landmasses, and I cannot identify a pattern in this organization of color categorization for labels. The topographic coloration also seems to place the mountain ranges in (1) Japan (though the Japanese one has more detailed etches), Europe and South America in a separate category from (2) Asia, Terra Australis and North America. I’m not sure what the distinguishing feature between these two types of mountain ranges are, as they are classified by continent, not within them (which might suggest differentiation based on elevation). Again, these inconsistencies towards in colored hierarchy, both for landmass labelling and mountain ranges, suggest that veracity might not have been the primary objective for this map. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Al Lim Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/012316889/catalog Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1850? Language A language of the resource Japanese